All-solid-state electrochromic devices: Research progress on ion transport, degradation and optimization

초록

All-solid-state electrochromic devices (ECDs) have demonstrated significant potential in smart windows, wearable electronics, and display applications by overcoming critical challenges such as liquid electrolyte leakage and safety concerns. The optical modulation performance, response speed, and long-term stability of these devices are fundamentally determined by ion transport efficiency and interfacial compatibility. Building on recent research advancements, this paper systematically reviews the advances in ECDs, focusing on ion transport, degradation mechanisms, and optimization strategies. Inorganic electrolytes enable optical transmittance, ionic conductivity, and electron-blocking capacity, whereas polymer electrolytes enable superior flexibility and interfacial compatibility. Monovalent/multivalent-ion and mixed-ion systems achieve regulated transport of these electrolytes. Device degradation is primarily induced by ion trapping, electrolyte-electrode interface deterioration, and charge imbalance, which are closely linked to the composition, microstructure, thickness, and interfacial compatibility of solid electrolytes. Targeted optimization strategies, including electrolyte modification (doping, composite design, and thickness improvement) and interface engineering (electron barrier layers and in-situ-constructed solid electrolyte interphase layers), have significantly enhanced device performance. Finally, future development directions and challenges in this field are outlined, providing valuable insights and technical support for the design, development, and commercialization of high-performance ECDs.

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