Spatiotemporal distribution of 1,3-diphenylguanidine, benzotriazole, benzothiazole, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and their derivatives in surface and core sediments from Lake Sihwa, Korea

초록

This study presents the first spatiotemporal patterns of 17 tire- and rubber-related chemicals and additives (TRAs) in 43 surface and two core sediments from Lake Sihwa (South Korea), an artificial saltwater lake partitioned by a sea dike into offshore (outside the dike), inshore (inside), and inland creeks (tributaries draining to the inshore). Σ17TRAs concentrations in surface sediments ranged from below the method detection limit to 5880 ng/g-dw (median 41.0 ng/g-dw) and were dominated by benzothiazoles (53%), benzotriazoles (23%), guanidine accelerators (19%), and p -phenylenediamines (4%). Σ17TRAs concentrations in sediments from downstream creek sites were higher than those found in upstream, and concentrations declined in the following order: creeks > inshore > offshore, indicating localized inputs and offshore transport. Screening level ecological risk assessment suggested the need for further studies in inland creeks. Two sediment cores, collected from the lake inshore (medians 52.5 and 41.9 ng/g-dw, respectively), revealed three historical accumulation phases linked to the development of the rubber industry, the 1970s oil crisis, the establishment of national industrial complexes, and subsequent pollution controls. Accumulation of Σ17TRAs in one of the sediment cores, at a point influenced by industrial discharges, reflected the link to automobile tires and rubber production. Our study establishes a baseline for tire-derived chemicals in sediments and warrants further studies on aquatic toxicity. Copyright © 2024. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.

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