Multimodal Coordination and Attention Capture: The Challenge of Inattentional Blindness for AR-HUD on Complex Roads

초록

Current investigations on AR-HUD navigation systems have predominantly emphasized unimodal display approaches, whereas systematic exploration of how multimodal navigation cues can be effectively combined remains limited. In the present study, a within-subjects 2 (auditory: continuous vs. discrete) × 2 (visual: gradient vs. boomerang) factorial design was employed to examine the influence of multimodal cue integration on drivers' reaction time, inattentional blindness, and eye-movement patterns. The findings from both subjective reports and objective measures demonstrated that the configuration of multimodal guidance significantly shaped driving responses and attentional stability, with the combination of continuous auditory signals and gradient-based visual navigation producing the most favorable performance. Eye-tracking analyses further indicated that this pairing substantially reduced fixation frequency and visual scanning demands, suggesting more efficient information processing and a lower cognitive workload. Overall, continuous auditory prompts in conjunction with gradient visual navigation yielded superior driving behavior and enhanced user experience. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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